The Joint Role of Focused and Molar Climates and Eudaemonic Well-being as Mediators of the Relationship between Flexible Telework and Scientific Productivity in Spanish ERC-Granted Teams.

Flexible work arrangements, such as teleworking, have gained massive and unprecedented usage for creating work environments that foster well-being and productivity. Yet empirical evidence is still scant and not much is known about the role of organizational climate(s) in this process. Accordingly, the present study was set out to investigate the mediating mechanisms linking flexible teleworking to scientific productivity by considering climate for well-being dimensions, the climates for excellence and for innovation, and eudaemonic well-being as mediating constructs. Data were collected from 358 members of 48 Spanish European Research Council (ERC) granted teams and analyses were conducted both at the individual and team level, after checking for the relevant aggregation indexes. Relevant and significant relations were found within the hypothesized statistical model both at the individual and team level of analysis. The climate dimension of team support and the climate for innovation, together with eudaimonic well-being, resulted to be linked by significant relationships suggesting a potential mediating path. Also, empirical evidence supported considering gender as a control variable for the relationship between flexible teleworking and the climate dimension of work-life balance. In conclusion, climate variables and eudaimonic well-being represent relevant variables for the explanation of the relationship between flexible teleworking and scientific productivity. Practical and theoretical implications, and limitations are further discussed in the article.

The Joint Role of Focused and Molar Climates and Eudaemonic Well-being as Mediators of the Relationship between Flexible Telework and Scientific Productivity in Spanish ERC-Granted Teams

Flexible work arrangements, such as teleworking, have gained massive and unprecedented usage for creating work environments that foster well-being and productivity. Yet empirical evidence is still scant and not much is known about the role of organizational climate(s) in this process. Accordingly, the present study was set out to investigate the mediating mechanisms linking flexible teleworking to scientific productivity by considering climate for well-being dimensions, the climates for excellence and for innovation, and eudaemonic well-being as mediating constructs. Data were collected from 358 members of 48 Spanish European Research Council (ERC) granted teams and analyses were conducted both at the individual and team level, after checking for the relevant aggregation indexes. Relevant and significant relations were found within the hypothesized statistical model both at the individual and team level of analysis. The climate dimension of team support and the climate for innovation, together with eudaimonic well-being, resulted to be linked by significant relationships suggesting a potential mediating path. Also, empirical evidence supported considering gender as a control variable for the relationship between flexible teleworking and the climate dimension of work-life balance. In conclusion, climate variables and eudaimonic well-being represent relevant variables for the explanation of the relationship between flexible teleworking and scientific productivity. Practical and theoretical implications, and limitations are further discussed in the article. (AU)

Teleworking Components and Scientific Productivity in Spanish ERC-Granted Teams: The Mediating Role of Climate and Well-Being / [Los componentes del teletrabajo y la productividad científica en los equipos españoles financiados por el ERC: el papel mediador del clima y el bienestar]

The practice of teleworking is being consistently and unprecedently used across multiple work sectors, including the research one, yet the direct and mediated links of specific telework designs with productivity are unclear, and analyses at multiple levels missing. Accordingly, this study aims at exploring the mediating role of the climate for well-being and well-being outcomes in the relationship between multiple components of teleworking and scientific productivity, both at the individual and team level. Data were collected from 358 members of 48 Spanish European Research Council (ERC)-granted teams. Analyses were conducted both at the individual and team level, after checking for the relevant aggregation indexes. Telework components of quantity, frequency, flexibility, and voluntariness were found to have direct and mediated significant relationships with scientific productivity, confirming the need to investigate telework with a closer focus on how it is designed and implemented in the different teams. Specifically, climate for well-being, eudaimonic well-being, and negative emotions were found to play a relevant role in mediating the relationship between some telework components (i.e., telework flexibility and voluntariness) and scientific productivity. Also, telework quantity and frequency were found to have, respectively, positive and negative relationship with scientific productivity. Practical and theoretical implications are further discussed in the article.(AU)

La práctica del teletrabajo se está utilizando de manera consistente y sin precedentes en múltiples sectores laborales, también en el de la investigación. No obstante, todavía quedan cuestiones que dilucidar sobre la relación entre aspectos específicos del diseño del teletrabajo y la productividad, así como los posibles mecanismos mediadores entre ambos a distintos niveles de análisis (individual, equipo). El trabajo tiene como objetivo explorar el papel mediador del clima para el bienestar y sus consecuencias en la relación entre múltiples componentes del teletrabajo y la productividad científica, tanto a nivel individual como de equipo. Se han recogido datos de 358 miembros de 48 equipos españoles subvencionados por el Consejo Europeo de Investigación (ERC). Los análisis se han realizado a ambos niveles tras comprobar los índices de agregación pertinentes. Cuatro componentes del teletrabajo (intensidad, frecuencia, flexibilidad y voluntariedad) presentaban relaciones significativas, directas e indirectas, con la productividad científica, confirmando la necesidad de investigar cómo se diseña e implementa en los equipos el teletrabajo. Se ha visto que el clima para el bienestar, el bienestar eudaimónico y las emociones negativas mediaban la relación entre algunos componentes del teletrabajo (la flexibilidad y la voluntariedad del teletrabajo) y la productividad científica. Además, la intensidad y la frecuencia del teletrabajo tenían, respectivamente, una relación positiva y negativa con la productividad científica. Las implicaciones prácticas y teóricas se analizan con más detalle en el artículo.(AU)

The ECO VI Organizational Climate Scale: An Invariance Study in Four Latin American Countries.

Introduction: Cross-cultural research is fundamental for the development and validation of work and organizational theories and to guide evidence-based practices around the globe. Although organizational climate is one of the most investigated higher-level constructs in organizational psychology, there is a lack of research analysing the invariance of measurements across national cultures in Latin America. This prevents scientists and practitioners from having a deeper understanding of this variable across the different countries and cultures composing this continent. Objectives: This study aims at examining the measurement invariance of the Encuesta de Clima Organizacional scale in its VI version (ECO VI) in Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama, and Dominican Republic. Method: Data were gathered from 38 companies operating in the manufacturing sector based in the four abovementioned countries and the sample sizes were as follows: Colombia was represented by 1007 employees, Costa Rica by 1090 employees, Panama by 372 employees, and Dominican Republic by 213. Measurement invariance was examined by testing the configural, metric, scalar, and structural models of invariance. Results: The results supported with empirical evidence that the ECO VI scale is characterized by measurement invariance. More precisely, 6 of its 8 dimensions are unbiasedly interpreted and can be considered for making meaningful comparisons across the considered national cultures, while the outputs deriving from the dimensions of "resources availability" and "interpersonal relationships" should be treated with more caution. Indeed, for such dimensions support for only configural and metric invariance was found. Conclusions: The main contribution of the present study was to provide evidence about the measurement invariance of the ECO VI scale. Thus, providing the community of scientists and practitioners operating in different Latin American countries with a molar organizational climate scale that can be used for conducting cross-cultural research. Hence, it is now possible to have a deeper understanding of how theories and practices involving the organizational climate for well-being can be better applied across the countries and cultures composing this continent.

Introducción: La investigación transcultural es fundamental tanto para el desarrollo y validación de teorías laborales y organizacionales en distintos contextos como para guiar prácticas basadas en la evidencia a nivel internacional. A pesar del hecho de que el clima organizacional es uno de los constructos más investigados en psicología organizacional, hay una falta de investigación que analice la invariancia de las medidas a través de distintas culturas nacionales en América Latina. Esto impide que los científicos y profesionales tengan una comprensión más profunda de esta variable en los diferentes países que componen este continente. Objetivos: Este estudio tiene como objetivo examinar la invariancia de medida de la escala "Encuesta de Clima Organizacional" en su sexta versión (ECO VI) en Colombia, Costa Rica, Panamá y República Dominicana. Método: Se recopilaron datos de 38 empresas de manufactura con sede en los cuatro países mencionados: 1007 empleados en Colombia, 1090 en Costa Rica, 372 en Panamá y 213 en República Dominicana. La invarianza de la medición fue examinada por probar los modelos de invariancia configuracional, métrica, escalar y estructural. Resultados: Los resultados respaldaron con evidencia empírica que la escala ECO VI se caracteriza por la invariancia de medida a través de las cuatro muestras. Más precisamente, 6 de sus 8 dimensiones pueden considerarse para hacer comparaciones significativas entre las culturas nacionales consideradas, mientras que los resultados derivados de las dimensiones de "disponibilidad de recursos" y "relaciones interpersonales" deben tratarse con más cautela. De hecho, para tales dimensiones solo se encontró soporte para la invariancia configuracional y métrica. Conclusiones: La principal contribución del presente estudio fue aportar evidencia sobre la invariancia de medida de la escala ECO VI. Por lo tanto, brinda a la comunidad de científicos y profesionales que operan en diferentes países de América Latina una escala de clima organizacional molar que puede usarse con confiabilidad en los cuatro contextos analizados. Por lo tanto, ahora es posible tener una comprensión más profunda de cómo las teorías y prácticas que involucran el clima organizacional para el bienestar pueden aplicarse mejor en los países y culturas que componen este continente.

The relationship between performance and well-being at work: a systematic review of 20 years and future perspectives in Brazil / A relação entre desempenho e bem-estar no trabalho: uma revisão sistemática de 20 anos e perspectivas futuras / La relación entre desempeño y bienestar en el trabajo: una revisión sistemática de 20 años y perspectivas futuras

The pursuit of high levels of performance and well-being at work is a shared goal in societies nowadays. The happy-productive worker thesis (HPWT) proposes a positive relationship, where "happy" workers will perform better than "unhappy" workers. However, other relationships found in the literature have encouraged a revision of this thesis. This systematic review aims to understand better how the relationship between performance and well-being has been analyzed in Brazil during the last 20 years. Results obtained with the review of 26 studies, revealed that most of them reported a synergic or positive and unidirectional relationship consistent with the HPWT. However, we also found support for null and antagonist relationships and differences in the types of operationalizations studied. We discuss that this area of study should adopt a broader perspective to understand the complexity of the relationships between both constructs, and we propose future research directions.

A busca de altos níveis de desempenho e bem-estar no trabalho é um objetivo comum nas sociedades atuais. A tese do trabalhador feliz-produtivo (HPWT) propõe uma relação positiva, onde trabalhadores "felizes" terão um desempenho melhor do que trabalhadores "infelizes". No entanto, outras relações encontradas na literatura têm incentivado a revisão desta tese. Esta revisão sistemática visa entender melhor como a relação entre desempenho e bem-estar tem sido analisada no Brasil durante os últimos 20 anos. Os resultados obtidos com a revisão de 26 estudos, revelaram que a maioria deles relatou uma relação sinérgica, positiva e unidirecional consistente com o HPWT. Entretanto, também encontramos apoio para relações nulas e antagônicas e diferenças nos tipos de operacionalizações estudadas. Discutimos que esta área de estudo deveria adotar uma perspectiva mais ampla para entender a complexidade das relações entre os dois constructos, e propomos direções de pesquisa futuras.

La búsqueda de altos niveles de desempeño y bienestar en el trabajo es un objetivo compartido en las sociedades actuales, por lo que entender las relaciones entre esos constructos es clave en la investigación laboral. La tesis del trabajador feliz y productivo (HPWT) propone una relación positiva entre ellos, en que los trabajadores "felices" presentarán un mejor desempeño que los "infelices". Sin embargo, otras relaciones encontradas en la literatura han estimulado la revisión de esa tesis. Esta revisión sistemática tiene como objetivo comprender mejor cómo se ha analizado la relación entre el desempeño y el bienestar en Brasil durante los últimos 20 años. Los resultados obtenidos con la revisión de 26 estudios revelaron que la mayoría reportó una relación sinérgica, positiva y unidireccional consistente con la HPWT. Además, se encontró apoyo a la existencia de relaciones nulas y antagónicas, y diferencias en los tipos de operacionalización de los constructos. Se concluye que esta área de estudio debería adoptar una perspectiva más amplia para comprender la complejidad de las relaciones entre los dos constructos y se proponen caminos para la investigación futura.

Employees and supervisors’ perceptions of human resource practices in different types of organizations over a lifespan / Percepções de funcionários e supervisores sobre as práticas de recursos humanos em diferentes tipos de organizações ao longo da vida / Percepciones de empleados y supervisores sobre las prácticas de recursos humanos en diferentes tipos de organizaciones en función de la edad

Organizations and age management are key factors for achieving sustainable workplaces and careers. Thus, it is important to understand how different types of organizations deliver Human Resource (HR) practices to employees at different stages of life and how those employees perceive them. Therefore, the present study aims to analyze age differences in the implementation and perception of HR practices in three organizational types (social, public, and for-profit). Three age groups were considered (employees under 35, from 35 to 50, and over 50 years). HR practices were measured as reported by 159 managers (implemented practices) and by their 1524 employees (perceived practices). Separated ANOVAs were conducted to test hypotheses. Results show significant differences among age groups, showing support for three different models of age management in different organizational types.

As organizações e a gestão da idade são fatores-chave para alcançar empregos e carreiras sustentáveis. Portanto, é importante entender como diferentes tipos de organizações fornecem práticas de Recursos Humanos (RH) para funcionários em diferentes fases da vida e como esses funcionários as percebem. Assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar as diferenças de idade na implementação e percepção das práticas de RH em três tipos de organizações (social, pública e com fins lucrativos). Foram consideradas três faixas etárias (empregados menores de 35 anos, de 35 a 50 anos e maiores de 50 anos). As práticas de RH foram medidas conforme relatado por 159 gestores (práticas implementadas) e por seus 1524 funcionários (práticas percebidas). Foram conduzidas ANOVAs separadas para testar hipóteses. Os resultados mostram diferenças significativas entre as faixas etárias, oferecendo suporte para três modelos distintos de gestão de idade em diferentes tipos de organizações.

Las organizaciones y la gestión de la edad son factores clave para lograr lugares de trabajo y carreras sostenibles. Por lo tanto, es importante comprender el tipo de prácticas de Recursos humanos que ofrecen las organizaciones a empleados en distintas etapas de la vida y cómo las perciben esos empleados. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las diferencias de edad en la implementación y percepción de las prácticas de RR.HH. en tres tipos organizacionales (social, pública y con fines de lucro). Se han considerado tres grupos de edad (empleados menores de 35, de 35 a 50 y mayores de 50 años). La muestra está compuesta por 159 gerentes y sus respectivos empleados (1524) que reportaron las prácticas implementadas y percibidas respectivamente.Se realizaron ANOVAs separados para poner a prueba las hipótesis. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas entre los grupos de edad, mostrando apoyo para tres modelos diferentes de gestión de la edad en diferentes tipos de organizaciones.

LMX and well-being: psychological climates as moderators of their concurrent and lagged relationships / LMX e bem-estar: climas psicológicos como moderadores de seus relacionamentos simultâneos e retardados / LMX y bienestar: climas psicológicos como moderadores de sus relaciones concurrentes y diferidas

The importance of the quality of leader member exchange (LMX) for workers' health and well-being is acknowledged in the literature, and empirical research addressing this issue is beginning to accumulate. However, recent reviews on this topic recommend making a greater effort to include time and boundary conditions in this relationship. The present study aims to analyze the effects of LMX on employees' well-being, and the moderating role of psychological climate, by means of a longitudinal study with a 12-month time lag. Data were obtained from 119 employees working in the Public Health Service . Results show that LMX had concurrent and lagged positive effects on well-being. Perceptions of higher levels of innovation climate increased the positive effects of LMX on well-being. Perceptions of higher levels of goals orientation decreased the positive effects of LMX on well-being. In practical terms, organizations must pay attention to the environment where LMX emerges in order to promote its positive effects or reduce its potential negative effects on workers' health.

A importância da qualidade do relação líder-liderado (leader member exchange - LMX) para a saúde e o bem-estar dos trabalhadores é reconhecida na literatura, e pesquisas empíricas que abordam essa questão estão começando a se acumular. No entanto, revisões recentes sobre este tópico recomendam fazer um esforço maior para incluir as condições de tempo e limites desta relação. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar os efeitos do LMX no bem-estar dos funcionários e o papel moderador do clima psicológico, por meio de um estudo longitudinal com 12 meses de distância. Os dados foram obtidos junto a 119 funcionários que atuam no Serviço Público de Saúde. Os resultados mostram que o LMX teve efeitos positivos simultâneos e díspares no bem-estar. As percepções de níveis mais elevados de clima de inovação aumentaram os efeitos positivos do LMX no bem-estar. Percepções de níveis mais elevados de orientação para metas diminuíram os efeitos positivos do LMX no bem-estar. Em termos práticos, as organizações devem prestar atenção ao ambiente onde o LMX emerge, a fim de promover seus efeitos positivos ou reduzir seus potenciais efeitos negativos na saúde dos trabalhadores.

La importancia de la calidad del intercambio de miembros líderes (leader member exchange - LMX) para la salud y el bienestar de los trabajadores se reconoce en la literatura, y la investigación empírica que aborda este tema está comenzando a acumularse. Sin embargo, revisiones recientes sobre este tema recomiendan hacer un mayor esfuerzo para incluir el tiempo y posibles factores condicionantes de dichas relaciones. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar los efectos de LMX en el bienestar de los empleados y el papel modulador del clima psicológico, mediante un estudio longitudinal con un desfase de 12 meses. Los datos se obtuvieron de 119 empleados del Servicio de Salud Pública. Los resultados muestran que LMX tuvo efectos positivos simultáneos y diferidos sobre el bienestar. Las percepciones de niveles más altos de clima de innovación aumentaron los efectos positivos de LMX en el bienestar. Las percepciones de niveles más altos de orientación a metas disminuyeron los efectos positivos de LMX en el bienestar. En términos prácticos, las organizaciones deben prestar atención al entorno en el que surge LMX para promover sus efectos positivos o reducir sus posibles efectos negativos en la salud de los trabajadores.

Work redesign: intervention based on the social information processing approach / Redesenho do trabalho: intervenção baseada no paradigma de processamento de informação social / Rediseño del trabajo: una intervención basada en el paradigma del procesamiento de la información social

The objective of this study was to measure the impact of a work redesign intervention based on the social information processing approach in an emotional work context. The research used a quasi-experimental panel design with pretest and post-test measurement, with intervention and control groups. A hundred and one health professionals participated in the study. Data were collected in 15-month intervals and 12 months after the intervention. We analyzed intergroup, intragroup, and psychological networks differences. Intergroup and intragroup analyses showed differences in the Information Processing category. The psychological network analysis suggested it was a protective, promising, and low-cost intervention for work redesign. The use of dynamic psychological network measures for intervention studies was discussed.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi medir o impacto de uma intervenção de redesenho do trabalho a partir da proposta de processamento de informação social em um contexto de trabalho emocional. A pesquisa utilizou delineamento quase experimental de painel em dois momentos de coleta de dados, antes e depois da intervenção, em dois grupos, intervenção e controle. Participaram da pesquisa 101 profissionais de saúde com intervalos de 15 meses entre coletas de dados e 12 meses após a intervenção. Foram analisadas diferenças entre-grupos, intragrupos e nas redes psicológicas. Os resultados com as análises entre-grupos e intragrupos apresentaram diferença na categoria Processamento de informação. A análise de rede psicológica sugere que a intervenção foi protetiva, promissora e de baixo custo para o redesenho do trabalho. Discute-se o uso de medidas dinâmicas de rede psicológica para estudos de intervenção.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue mensurar el impacto de una intervención de rediseño del trabajo a partir de la propuesta de procesamiento de información social en un contexto de trabajo emocional. La investigación utilizó un diseño casi experimental de panel con dos momentos de recogida de datos, antes y después de la intervención, en dos grupos, intervención y control. Participaron de la investigación 101 profesionales de salud. Los datos fueron recolectados en un intervalo de 15 meses y 12 meses después de la intervención. Se analizaron diferencias entre grupos, intra-grupo y de redes psicológicas. Los resultados del análisis entre grupos e intra-grupo mostraron diferencias en la categoría Procesamiento de información. El análisis de red psicológica sugiere que la intervención fue protectora, prometedora y de bajo coste para el rediseño del trabajo. Se discute el uso de medidas dinámicas de red psicológica para estudios de intervención.

Measurement of Hedonic and Eudaimonic Orientations to Happiness: The Spanish Orientations to Happiness Scale.

Understanding happiness and well-being has been one of the central issues for psychologists in recent decades. Happiness orientations have been identified as important pathways toward different types of well-being, and so the development and validation of scales for their measurement is an important step in their study. The present research aims to adapt and validate the Spanish Orientations to Happiness Scale (SOTH), a 6-item scale based on the Orientations to Happiness Questionnaire. This brief scale, which measures hedonic and eudemonic orientations, was administered to 1,647 Spanish workers. Scale structure was subjected to exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analysis to obtain evidence of factorial validity. Evidence for convergent validity was assessed by correlating the scale with two measures of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being, and discriminant validity was assessed with the average variance extracted (AVE). Results of EFA showed a two-factor solution, and CFA partially supported this structure, χ2(8, N = 793) = 36.61, p .72) and valid (AVE = .50), and so it is a valuable tool for assessing orientations to happiness in the Spanish context. Finally, the scientific value and practical utility of the scale are discussed.

The Happy-Productive Worker Model and Beyond: Patterns of Wellbeing and Performance at Work.

According to the happy-productive worker thesis (HPWT), "happy" workers perform better than "less happy" ones. This study aimed to explore the different patterns of relationships between performance and wellbeing, synergistic (i.e., unhappy-unproductive and happy-productive) and antagonistic (i.e., happy-unproductive and unhappy-productive), taking into account different operationalizations of wellbeing (i.e., hedonic vs. eudaimonic) and performance (i.e., self-rated vs. supervisors' ratings). It also explored different demographic variables as antecedents of these patterns. We applied two-step cluster analysis to the data of 1647 employees. The results indicate four different patterns-happy-productive, unhappy-unproductive, happy-unproductive, and unhappy-productive-when performance is self-assessed, and three when it is assessed by supervisors. On average, over half of the respondents are unhappy-productive or happy-unproductive. We used multidimensional logistic regression to explain cluster membership based on demographic covariates. This study addresses the limitations of the HPWT by including both the hedonic and eudaimonic aspects of wellbeing and considering different dimensions and sources of evaluation. The "antagonistic" patterns identify employees with profiles not explicitly considered by the HPWT.

Measurement of hedonic and eudaimonic orientations to happiness: the Spanish Orientations to Happiness Scale

Understanding happiness and well-being has been one of the central issues for psychologists in recent decades. Happiness orientations have been identified as important pathways toward different types of well-being, and so the development and validation of scales for their measurement is an important step in their study. The present research aims to adapt and validate the Spanish Orientations to Happiness Scale (SOTH), a 6-item scale based on the Orientations to Happiness Questionnaire. This brief scale, which measures hedonic and eudemonic orientations, was administered to 1,647 Spanish workers. Scale structure was subjected to exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analysis to obtain evidence of factorial validity. Evidence for convergent validity was assessed by correlating the scale with two measures of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being, and discriminant validity was assessed with the average variance extracted (AVE). Results of EFA showed a two-factor solution, and CFA partially supported this structure, χ2(8,N= 793) = 36.61, p < .001; RMSEA = .06; SRMR = .05; CFI = .97; ACFI = .96. Results also demonstrated appropriate convergent and discriminant validity. The SOTH Scale has been shown to be reliable (CR indices > .72) and valid (AVE = .50), and so it is a valuable tool for assessing orientations to happiness in the Spanish context. Finally, the scientific value and practical utility of the scale are discussed

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How Work Characteristics Are Related to European Workers' Psychological Well-Being. A Comparison of Two Age Groups.

This study aimed to analyze the mechanisms through which work characteristics are related to psychological well-being, exploring the mediational role of work meaningfulness and job satisfaction, and investigating differences in the patterns of relationships between two age groups. The sample was composed of 36,896 workers from the 5th European Working Conditions Survey. Structural equation modeling analyses and multiple group analyses were performed. The results revealed a parallel mediational model, in which work meaningfulness and general job satisfaction mediate the relationships between work characteristics and well-being. Additionally, job satisfaction partially mediates the relationship between meaningfulness and well-being. These results were confirmed in both age groups (under 55 years old and older workers), but age moderates the relationships between social support and the mediating variables and the relationships between the mediating variables and general well-being. The present study uncovers significant pathways through which time pressure, decision latitude, and social support are related to psychological well-being, depicting an important step in better understanding how and when work characteristics are related to positive outcomes. It provides important clues for promoting psychosocial health at work at the European level.

Bienestar sostenible en el trabajo: Revisión y reformulación / Sustainable well-being at work: A review and reformulation

Uno de los principales objetivos de la psicología del trabajo y de las organizaciones es promover tanto el bienestar como el rendimiento de los empleados. Sin embargo, el yugo de la crisis económica actual tiraniza este objetivo, amenazando sin piedad la sostenibilidad del bienestar y del rendimiento alcanzado en décadas anteriores. El decremento en uno de esos factores puede afectar el otro, dando lugar a un círculo vicioso. En este contexto, uno de los mayores retos para los psicólogos organizacionales es convertir esta tendencia en un círculo virtuoso, en el que promover altos niveles de bienestar en el trabajo suponga una mejora del rendimiento y viceversa, lo que en este trabajo denominamos "sinergia del bienestar-productivo sostenible". Sin embargo, estudios anteriores no han obtenido resultados concluyentes al respecto. La falta de rigor y de consideración de las conceptualizaciones más contemporáneas del bienestar y el rendimiento laboral, como praxis común, son parte de la causa de esos resultados. El objetivo del presente trabajo es proporcionar una revisión de los estudios previos, que permita sustentar una nueva reformulación del concepto de bienestar y de productividad. También se plantea integrar los conceptos más contemporáneos, revisando la "tesis del trabajador feliz y productivo" y utilizando como marco de referencia la teoría de emociones positivas de la "ampliación y construcción" de Fredrickson. Finalmente, se discute la adecuación y la sostenibilidad de modelos alternativos sobre el "trabajador infeliz y productivo" y el "trabajador feliz e improductivo"

One of the important goals of work and organizational psychology is to promote well-being and performance of employees. Nevertheless, the yoke of the current economic crisis tyrannize this aim, threating merciless the sustainability of the well-being and performance achieved in previous decades. The decrease in one of those factors may hamper the other, resulting in a vicious circle. In this context one of the biggest challenges to face by organizational psychologists is to reverse this trend in a virtuous cycle, where promoting high levels of well-being, suppose a performance improvement and vice-versa, in a "sustainable productivity and well-being synergy". However, previous efforts have shown inconclusive results. We argue that the lack of rigorousness and neglectfulness of the most contemporaneous conceptualizations of well-being and job performance, as common praxis, is part of the reason for those disappointing results. The aim of the present paper is to provide a review of the contributions and efforts to the new reformulation of the concept of well-being and productivity. It also aims to integrate the most contemporaneous well-being and job performance's concepts, revisiting the "happy productive-worker" thesis, using as framework the Fredrickson's broaden-build theory of positive emotions, where the suitability and sustainability of the "alternative models of "unhappy-productive worker" and "happy-unproductive worker" will be discussed

Leader-member exchange (LMX) and innovation climate: the role of LMX differentiation.

Leader-member Exchange (LMX) theory has been shown to be one of the most compelling theories for understanding the effects of leadership on organizational behavior. This theory proposes that leaders establish differentiated relationships with each of their subordinates according to the exchanges produced between them. Recently, the concept of LMX differentiation has been introduced into the theory to extend research from the dyadic to the group level. The present paper uses a longitudinal design to analyze the moderator role of LMX differentiation in the relationship between mean LMX and innovation climate in a sample of 24 healthcare teams. The results showed no direct effects of mean LMX on changes in innovation climate over time. However, they provide support for the moderator effect of LMX differentiation in this relationship, as it was stronger when LMX differentiation was low than when it was high.

Truly satisfied with your retirement or just resigned? Pathways toward different patterns of retirement satisfaction.

The main aim of the present study was to explore different patterns of retirement satisfaction. Following the dynamic model of job satisfaction, we identify different retirement satisfaction forms. We also examined a set of antecedents of observed retirement satisfaction forms and their impact on psychological well-being. Using a sample of 270 Spanish retirees, cluster analytical results showed four retirement satisfaction forms. These were stabilized-progressive, resigned-stabilized, and resigned retirement satisfaction and constructive-fixated retirement dissatisfaction. Gender, retirement intentions, and voluntariness of retirement transition predicted retirement satisfaction forms. Finally, our findings showed that participants experiencing constructive-fixated retirement dissatisfaction reported lower psychological well-being compared with participants from stabilized-progressive and resigned-stabilized retirement satisfaction forms. These findings provide preliminary support for the study of retirement satisfaction from the dynamic perspective and call for more research on this issue. The findings could also imply the potential value of attending to retirement transition factors to achieve better adjustment to retirement.

Leader-member exchange (LMX) and innovation climate: the role of LMX differentiation

Leader-member Exchange (LMX) theory has been shown to be one of the most compelling theories for understanding the effects of leadership on organizational behavior. This theory proposes that leaders establish differentiated relationships with each of their subordinates according to the exchanges produced between them. Recently, the concept of LMX differentiation has been introduced into the theory to extend research from the dyadic to the group level. The present paper uses a longitudinal design to analyze the moderator role of LMX differentiation in the relationship between mean LMX and innovation climate in a sample of 24 healthcare teams. The results showed no direct effects of mean LMX on changes in innovation climate over time. However, they provide support for the moderator effect of LMX differentiation in this relationship, as it was stronger when LMX differentiation was low than when it was high (AU)

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Organizational perceptions, leadership and performance in work settings: do they interrelate? / Percepciones Organizacionales, Liderazgo y Desempeño en el Trabajo: ¿Están Relacionados?

An in depth review of literature shows that there is a pressing need to holistically understand how and why the organizational leadership process affects organizational behavior in outcomes (e.g. job performance) differently, depending on various national culture settings. One approach may seek to unveil the moderation of cultural values on the relationship between preferred as well as exhibited styles of leadership and behavioral organizational outcomes. An alternative approach may explore how and why cultural values affect the relationship between the quality of leader – subordinate relationships (LMX) and behavioral organizational outcomes differently. Moreover, as we notice a constant growth of aged workers in the composition of the work force in the Western World, these approaches should be addressed in relation to older managers and workers. The present paper attempts to reconcile these diametrically opposed approaches by conceiving a theoretical model synthesizing organizational justice, organizational leadership styles, LMX and behavioral organizational outcomes (i.e., job performance, organizational citizenship) as moderated by organizational culture in different national values settings and in relation to older employees. By conceptualizing the interrelationships of the various concepts, the paper provides a coherent basis for further research in this field(AU)

Una revisión en profundidad de la literatura muestra que hay una importante necesidad de comprender de manera integral cómo y por qué, dependiendo de la cultura nacional, el proceso de liderazgo influye de manera diferente en los resultados del comportamiento organizacional (desempeño en el trabajo, por ejemplo). Una de las perspectivas trata de desvelar el efecto moderador de los valores culturales en la relación entre los estilos de liderazgo preferidos y exhibidos con los resultados del comportamiento organizacional. Un enfoque alternativo explora cómo y por qué los valores culturales influyen diferencialmente en la relación entre la calidad de las relaciones líder-subordinado (LMX) y los resultados del comportamiento organizacional. Además, en tanto se aprecia un crecimiento constante de los trabajadores mayores en la composición de la fuerza de trabajo en el mundo occidental, estos enfoques deben ser planteados en conexión con los empleados y directivos de más edad. El presente artículo intenta conciliar estos enfoques diametralmente opuestos para concebir un modelo teórico que sintetice las relaciones entre la justicia organizacional, los estilos de liderazgo organizacional, las relaciones líder-miembro y los resultados del comportamiento organizacional (p. ej., el desempeño del trabajo, la ciudadanía organizativa), moderados por la cultura organizacional en diferentes valores nacionales y en relación a los empleados mayores. Al conceptuar la interrelación de los diversos conceptos, el artículo proporciona una base coherente para más investigación en este campo(AU)

The influence of the early retirement process on satisfaction with early retirement and psychological well-being.

The present study explores the influence of the early retirement process on adjustment to early retirement, taking into account the roles of individual characteristics and social context in this process. We proposed a systematic model integrating perceived ability to continue working, organizational pressures toward early retirement and group norms about early retirement as antecedents of the early retirement process and subsequent satisfaction with early retirement and psychological well-being. In addition, we examined the moderating role of the voluntariness of the early retirement transition in the proposed model. Our hypotheses were tested using a sample of 213 early retirees. We found that while high organizational pressures were related to lower retirement age, low perceived ability to continue working and group norms favorable to early retirement were related to higher levels of early retirement intentions. Furthermore, group norms favorable to early retirement

The role of work group in individual sickness absence behavior.

The purpose of our two-year follow-up study was to examine the effect of the social components of the work group, such as group absence norms and cohesion, on sickness absence behavior among individuals with varying attitudes toward work attendance. The social components were measured using a questionnaire survey and data on sickness absence behavior were collected from the employers' records. The study population consisted of 19,306 Finnish municipal employees working in 1,847 groups (78% women). Multilevel Poisson regression modeling was applied. The direct effects of work group characteristics on sickness absence were mostly insignificant. In contrast, both of the social components of a work group had an indirect impact: The more tolerant the group absence norms (at both individual- and cross-level) and the lower the group cohesion (at the individual level), the more the absence behavior of an individual was influenced by his or her attitude toward work attendance. We conclude that work group moderates the extent to which individuals with a liberal attitude toward work attendance actually engage in sickness absence behavior.

Ajuste al retiro laboral en función del tipo de retiro y su voluntariedad desde una perspectiva de género / Retirement fit as a function of the retirement type and voluntariness: a gender view

En el presente trabajo examinamos el ajuste al retiro laboral, examinando la satisfacción con la jubilación y bienestar psicológico en una muestra de 260 prejubilados y jubilados. Se consideraron tres factores: el tipo de retiro (prejubilación o jubilación), la percepción de la medida en que la salida del rol laboral fue voluntaria (voluntariedad) y el género. Los resultados muestran que las personas que se jubilaron y que lo hicieron voluntariamente perciben mayores niveles de satisfacción con la jubilación y bienestar psicológico en comparación con los que se prejubilaron y aquellos que lo hicieron obligatoriamente, respectivamente. Además se puso de manifiesto la interacción entre las variables consideradas en sus efectos sobre la satisfacción y el bienestar. En esta línea, entre los obligatoriamente prejubilados, las mujeres experimentan menor nivel de satisfacción con la jubilación que los hombres. Sin embargo, entre los obligatoriamente jubilados, son los hombres los que experimentan menor nivel de satisfacción con la jubilación. En relación a dichos resultados, el presente trabajo subraya la importancia de estudiar e intervenir sobre la mejora del ajuste en la experiencia del retiro laboral atendiendo tanto a las características de género como a las del proceso de transición (jubilación-prejubilación, voluntariedad-obligatoriedad)(AU)

The present study analyses the adjustment to retirement in terms of satisfaction and psychologicalwell-being in a sample of 270 early and on-time retirees. Three factors weretaken into consideration –type of retirement (early vs on-time retirement), perception of theextent to which retirement was voluntary (voluntariness) and gender. The results show thatparticipants who retired on-time and whose decision was taken voluntarily perceive higherlevels of satisfaction with retirement and psychological well-being when compared to earlyretirees and to those who perceive retirement as obligatory respectively. Results also showan interaction between the three factors in the impact of retirement on satisfaction and wellbeing.Among obligatory early retired, women experience lower levels of satisfaction with retirement compared to men. However, among the obligatory on-time retirees, men perceive lower levels of satisfaction with retirement than women. Based on these findings, this study emphasizes the importance of examining and intervening in retirement fit, taking into consideration the characteristics of both gender and transition process –i.e., early vs on-time retirement and voluntary vs obligatory retirement(AU)